June 28

The Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated at Sarajevo.

July 5

The Kaiser receives at Potsdam special envoy from Austrian Emperor and promises "the full support of Germany" in the event of Austrian action against Serbia. He consults his military and naval advisers before leaving for a cruise in northern waters.

July 14

Council of Austro-Hungarian Ministers finally determine on action against Serbia.

July 19

Council of Austro-Hungarian Ministers approve of draft ultimatum to Serbia.

July 23

Austro-Hungarian Government send ultimatum to Serbia (see 25th).

July 24

German Government submit note to Entente Governments approving Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (see 23rd).

British Foreign Minister (Sir E. Grey) initiates proposals for an international conference in order to avert war (see 27th and 28th).

Belgian Government declare that, in the event of war, Belgium will uphold her neutrality "whatever the consequences" (see 31st).

July 25

Serbian Government order Mobilisation (see 23rd).

Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Serbia. Austro-Hungarian Minister leaves Belgrade (see 26th).

Serbian Government transferred from Belgrade to Nish (see November 3rd, 1915).

July 26

Austro-Hungarian Government order Partial Mobilisation as against Serbia (see 28th and 31st).

Montenegrin Government order Mobilisation (see August 5th).

British Admiralty countermand orders for dispersal of Fleets (see 28th).

The Kaiser returns from the Baltic to Berlin (see 5th).

July 27

French and Italian Governments accept British proposals for an international conference (see 24th).

German High Seas Fleet recalled from Norway to war bases.

July 28

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (see 25th and 26th).

German Government reject British proposals for an international conference (see 24th and 27th).

British Fleets ordered to war bases (see 26th).

July 29

Russian Government order Partial Mobilisation as against Austria.

(Evening) Russian Minister for War orders General Mobilisation without the knowledge of the Tsar (see 30th and 31st). Hostilities commence between Austria-Hungary and Serbia: Belgrade bombarded by Austrian artillery (see 25th, and December 2nd).

German Government make proposals to secure British neutrality (see 30th).

British Admiralty send "Warning Telegram" to the Fleets.

British War Office send out telegrams ordering "Precautionary Period" (2.10 p.m.).

July 30

The Tsar signs order at 4 p.m. for mobilisation of Russian army (see 29th and 31st).

British Government reject German proposals for British neutrality (see 29th).

Australian Government place Australian Navy at disposal of British Admiralty.

July 31

Belgian Government order Mobilisation (see 24th).

Russian Government order General Mobilisation (see 29th and 30th).

Austro-Hungarian Government order General Mobilisation (see 26th and 28th).

German Government send ultimatum to Russia (presented at midnight, 31st-lst) (see August 1st).

State of "Kriegsgefahr" proclaimed in Germany (see August 1st).

Turkish Government order Mobilisation (to commence August 3rd) (see October 29th).

London Stock Exchange closed (see January 4th, 1915).

August 1

British Government order Naval Mobilisation.

German Government order General Mobilisation and declare war on Russia (see July 31st).

Hostilities commence on Polish frontier.

French Government order General Mobilisation.

August 2

German Government send ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage through Belgian territory (see 3rd, and July 24th).

German troops cross frontier of Luxembourg (see November 20th, 1918).

Hostilities commence on French frontier.

Libau bombarded by German cruiser "Augsburg" (see November 17th).

British Government guarantee naval protection of French coasts against German aggression by way of the North Sea or English Channel.

Moratorium proclaimed in Great Britain (see November 4).

General von Moltke (Chief of the Great General Staff since 1906) appointed Chief of the General Staff of the German Field Armies (see September 14th).

August 3

Belgian Government refuse German demands (see 2nd and 4th).

British Government guarantee armed support to Belgium should Germany violate Belgian neutrality.

Germany declares war on France.

British Government order General Mobilisation.

British Government issue Proclamation authorising requisition of shipping.

Italy declares neutrality.

The Grand Duke Nicholas appointed Commander-in-Chief Russian armies (see 14th).

August 4

British Government send ultimatum to Germany.

Great Britain declares war on Germany at 11 p.m. (midnight 4th-5th by Central European time).

Belgium severs diplomatic relations with Germany (see 2nd and 3rd).

Germany declares war on Belgium.

German troops cross Belgian frontier and attack Liége (see 3rd and 7th, and November 26th, 1918).

Two German airships pass over Brussels by night (first hostile act in the air).

German warships "Goeben" and "Breslau" bombard Philippeville and Bona respectively (see 7th and 11th).

Secret Alliance between Germany and Turkey signed at Berlin.

British Grand Fleet constituted under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe (see November 29th and December 4th, 1916).

Staff of British Expeditionary Force appointed: — Commander-in-Chief: Field-Marshal Sir John French (see December 15th, 1915). Chief of General Staff: LieutGeneral Sir Archibald Murray (see January 24th. 1915). Adjutant-General: Lieut.-General Sir Nevil Macready (see February 21st, 1916). Quartermaster-General: LieutGeneral Sir William Robertson (see January 24th, 1915).

British Government issue Proclamation specifying articles to be treated as contraband (see 20th, and September 21st).

German armed merchant cruiser "Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse" leaves Bremen (see 26th).

August 5

Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary (see July 26th).

Minelaying in the open sea commenced by the Germans (east of Southwold) (see October 3rd). German minelayer "Königin Luise" sunk.

First meeting of British War Council (see May 14th, 1915). Formed to exercise the functions of the Committee of Imperial Defence, but with additional executive powers.

August 6

Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. (Declaration presented at St. Petersburg).

Serbia declares war on Germany (see July 28th).

"Battle of the Frontiers" (General name covering all operations of the French armies up to the Battle of the Marne.) begins in France.

Field-Marshal Earl Kitchener succeeds Mr. Asquith as Secretary of State for War, Great Britain. (Mr. Asquith held the appointment from March 31st, 1914.) (See June 5th, 1916.)

H.M.S. "Amphion" sunk by mine off Yarmouth.

Naval Convention between France and Great Britain concluded in London. French Admiral to command Allied Naval Forces in the Mediterranean. (See November 9th.)

Action between H.M.S. "Bristol" and German cruiser "Karlsruhe" in the West Indies (see November 4th).

German armed merchant cruiser "Prinz Eitel Friedrich" leaves Tsingtau (see January 28th and April 8th, 1915).

Admiral von Spee's squadron ("Scharnhorst" [flag], "Gneisenau," "Nürnberg." "Dresden" and "Leipzig" joined on October 12th and 14th respectively.) leaves Ponape (Caroline islands) (see September 22nd).

August 7

City of Liége occupied by German forces (see 4th and 16th).

First units of British Expeditionary Force land in France (see 16th).

French troops cross the frontier of Alsace (see 2nd).

Action between H.M.S. "Gloucester" and the "Goeben" and "Breslau" off the coast of Greece (see 4th and 11th).

August 8

Montenegro severs diplomatic relations with Germany.

"State of War" commences between Montenegro and Germany (see 5th).

Mulhouse (Alsace) occupied by French forces (see 7th and 11th),

British forces cross frontier of Togoland and occupy Lome (see 13th and 26th).

Swiss Government order Mobilisation.

Hostilities commence in East Africa (see 15th) . H.M.S. "Astraea" bombards Dar es Salaam (see September 4th, 1916).

August 9

British aerial cross-Channel patrol for the protection of transports instituted.

Belgian Government proposal for neutralisation of African free trade zone formulated (see 22nd).

H.M.S. "Birmingham" sinks German submarine "U.-15" in the North Sea. (First submarine destroyed.)

August 10

British aerial coast patrol established.

France severs diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary (see 12th).

August 11

German warships "Goeben" and "Breslau" enter the Dardenelles (see 4th and 7th).

Mulhouse retaken by German forces (see 8th and 19th).

French Government issue first list of contraband (see 25th and November 6th).

August 12

Great Britain and France declare war on Austria-Hungary (see 10th).

Austrian forces cross the Save and seize Shabatz (see 25th).

August 13

Austrian forces cross River Drina and begin first invasion of Serbia (see 25th).

Four squadrons Royal Flying Corps fly from Dover to France. (First units to cross by air.)

Allied advance on Kamina (Togoland) from Lome begins (see 8th and 26th).

August 14

Proclamation issued by Russian Commander-in-Chief (The Grand Duke Nicholas) promising autonomy to Poland (see April 3rd, 1915).

Battles of Morhange and Sarrebourg begin (see 20th).

August 15

Japanese Government send ultimatum to Germany demanding evacuation of Tsingtau (see 23rd, and September 2nd).

German troops cross frontier of British East Africa and occupy Taveta (see 8th, November 2nd, and March 10th, 1916).

Junction of British and French squadrons effected at entrance to the Adriatic.

August 16

Landing of original British Expeditionary Force (4 Divisions and 1 Cavalry Division) in France completed (announced August 18th) (see 7th).

Last forts of Liége captured by German forces (16th/17th) (see 4th and 7th).

Naval action in the Southern Adriatic: Austrian light cruiser "Zenta" sunk by Allied squadron.

August 17

Battle of the Tser and the Jadar (Serbia) begins (see 13th and 21st).

Belgian Government transferred from Brussels to Antwerp (see October 7th).

August 18

Battle of the Gette (18th/19th).

Vossuq ed Douleh, Persian Foreign Minister, resigns. (Appointed January 11th, 1913.) (See 19th, and August 29th, 1916.)

August 19

Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp.

Mulhouse again taken by French forces (see 11th and 25th).

First unit of Indian Expeditionary Force "C" (This unit, the 29th Punjabis, was the first to leave India for any theatre of war.) leaves India for East Africa (see September 1st).

Ala es Sultaneh, Persian Prime Minister, resigns (appointed January 11th, 1913) and is appointed Foreign Minister (see 18th, and February 20th, 1915).

Mustaufi ul Mamalek appointed Persian Prime Minister (see March 14th, 1915).

August 20

Brussels occupied by German forces (see November 18th, 1918).

Battles of Morhange and Sarrebourg end (see 14th).

Longwy invested by German forces (see 26th).

Battle of Gawaiten-Gumbinnen (East Prussia) (19th/20th).

Death of Pope Pius X (see September 3rd).

First British Order in Council revising "Declaration of London" issued (see October 29th).

August 21

German forces begin attack on Namur (see 25th).

Battle of Charleroi begins (see 24th).

Battle of the Tser and the Jadar ends. Austrian Armies in Serbia retreat (see 17th).

German forces from German South-West Africa cross frontier of British South Africa (see September 19th).

British Government issue orders for the raising of the first New Army of six Divisions (see May 9th, 1915).

August 22

Austria-Hungary declares war on Belgium (see 28th).

Battle of the Ardennes begins (see 24th).

German Government agree to Belgian proposal, made through Spanish Government, re African free trade zone (see 9th, and November 20th).

August 23

Battle of Mons (see 24th).

German airship "Z.-8" shot down in the Vosges.

Battle of Tannenberg begins (see 31st).

First Battle of Krasnik (Poland) begins (see 25th).

Germany severs diplomatic relations with Japan (see 15th).

Japan declares war on Germany (see 15th).

General C. M. Dobell appointed to command Allied land forces operating in the Cameroons.

General von Hindenburg takes over command of German Eighth Army (see September 18th).

August 24

British army retreats from Mons (see 23rd, and September 5th).

Battle of Charleroi ends (see 21st).

Battle of the Ardennes ends (see 22nd).

Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Japan (see 25th).

First units of Indian Expeditionary Force "A" leave India for France (in first place for Egypt) (see September 26th).

August 25

Namur captured by German forces (see 21st, and November 21st, 1918.)

Battle of the Meuse begins (see 28th).

Battle of Malines begins (see 27th).

Valenciennes taken by German forces (see November 3rd, 1918).

Maubeuge invested by German forces (see September 7th).

Battle of the Mortagne (Vosges) begins (see September 3rd).

Mulhouse again retaken by German forces (see 19th, and November 17th, 1918).

First use of aircraft for patrol purposes (over retreating British forces in France).

First Battle of Krasnik (Poland) ends (see 23rd).

Shabatz (see 12th) retaken by Serbian forces. Last Austrian forces recross the Drina (see 13th). End of First Austrian invasion of Serbia (see September 8th).

Japan severs diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary (see 24th).

Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary.

Nigerian frontier of the Cameroons crossed by British forces. Affair of Tepe. Chad frontier crossed by French forces.

French Government issue new decree defining contraband (see 11th, and November 6th).

August 26

Louvain sacked by German troops.

Battle of Le Cateau.

Noyon taken by German forces (see September 21st).

Longwy capitulates to German forces (see 20th).

Cambrai occupied by German forces (see November 20th, 1017, and October 9th, 1918).

Douai occupied by German forces (see October 17th, 1918).

First Battle of Lemberg (Galicia) begins (see 30th).

Battle of Zamosc-Komarow begins (see September 2nd).

Naval action off the Aaland Islands. German cruiser "Magdeburg" destroyed by Russian squadron.

German forces in Togoland capitulate to the Allied forces (see 8th, 13th and 31st).

Action between H.M.S. "Highflyer" and German armed merchant cruiser "Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse" off the Rio de Oro: latter sunk (see August 4).

General Galliéni appointed Governor of Paris (see October 30th, 1915).

M. Messimy, French Minister for War (Appointed June 14th, 1914), resigns (see 27th).

M. Delcassé succeeds M. Doumerguef (Appointed August 3rd, 1914) as French Foreign Minister.

August 27

Battle of Malines ends (see 25th).

British Marines landed at Ostend, accompanied by R.N.A.S. unit.

Lille occupied by German cavalry (see September 5th).

Mezieres occupied by German forces (see November 10th, 1918).

M. Millerand appointed French Minister for War (see 26th, and October 29th, 1915).

First attack on Mora (Cameroons) (see September 8th, 1915).

August 28

Battle of the Meuse ends (see 25th).

Austro-Hungarian declaration of war received by Belgian Government (see 22nd).

Naval action off Heligoland (German light cruisers "Köln," "Mainz," and "Ariadne" sunk by British squadron).

August 29

Arras evacuated by the French forces (see September 30th).

Battle of Guise begins (see 30th).

Sedan taken by German forces (see November 6th, 1918).

German airship "Z.-5" brought down by gunfire at Mlawa (Poland).

August 30

Laon, La Fère, and Roye occupied by German forces (see March 17th, 1917, and October 13th, 1918).

Battle of Guise ends (see 29th, and November 4th, 1918).

First German aeroplane raid on Paris (see September 16th, 1918).

First Battle of Lemberg (Galicia) ends (see 26th, and September 3rd).

First attack on Garua (Cameroons) (see April 18th, 1915).

Samoa occupied by New Zealand Expeditionary Force.

August 31

Amiens entered by German forces (see September 13th).

Battle of Tannenberg ends (see 23rd).

Franco-British Agreement defining provisional zones in Togoland concluded (see 26th, and December 27th, 1910).

September 1

Lord Kitchener visits France to confer with British Commander-in-Chief.

Craonne taken by German forces (see May 4th, 1917).

Soissons taken by German forces (see 13th).

First unit of Indian Expeditionary Force "C" arrives at Mombasa (see August 19th and December 31st).

General J. Stewart takes over command of British forces in East Africa (see October 31st).

September 2

Battle of Zamosc-Komarow ends (see August 26th).

Japanese forces land in Shantung to attack Tsingtau (see August 15th, September 23rd and November 7th).

French Government transferred from Paris to Bordeaux (see November 18th).

September 3

Battle of the Mortagne ends (see August 25th).

Lemberg captured by Russian forces (see August 30th, 1914, and June 22nd, 1915).

H.M.S. "Speedy" sunk by mine off the Humber.

Benedict XV elected Pope (see August 20th and November 5th).

Prince William of Wied leaves Albania (see October 4th).

French Government inform United States Government that they will observe "Declaration of London" subject to certain modifications.

September 4

Battle of the Grand Couronné (Nancy) begins (see 12th).

German Government agree to observe "Declaration of London" if other belligerents conform thereto, and issue their list of contraband.

September 5

End of Retreat from Mons (see August 24th, 1914, and November 11th, 1918).

Battle of the Ourcq begins.

German forces reach Claye, 10 miles from Paris (nearest point reached during war).

Reims taken by German forces (see 14th).

Lille evacuated by German forces (see August 27th and October 12th).

H.M.S. "Pathfinder" sunk by submarine in North Sea (first British warship so destroyed).

Battle of the Masurian Lakes begins (see 15th).

German forces cross frontier of North Rhodesia. Defence of Abercorn begins (see 9thh).

British, French, and Russian Governments sign "Pact of London." Decision not to make separate peace (see April 26th, October 19th, and November 30th, 1915).

September 6

Battle of the Marne begins (French date) (see 9th and 10th).

Serbian passage the Save. Serbian operations in Syrmia begin (see 11th).

Affair of Tsavo (East Africa).

September 7

Maubeuge capitulates to German forces (see August 25th, 1914, and November 8th, 1918).

Battle of Tarnavka (Galicia) begins (see 9th).

Naval operations off Duala (Cameroons) begin, in preparation for attack by Allied military forces (see 27th).

September 8

Austrian forces begin second invasion of Serbia (see August 25th and December 15th). Battle of the Drina begins (see 17th).

Second Battle of Lemberg begins (see 11th).

General Sir John Maxwell takes over command of British forces in Egypt (see March 19th, 1916).

September 9

German retreat from the Marne begins (see 6th).

Battle of Tarnavka ends (see 7th).

Turkish Government announce abolition of "The Capitulations."

Affairs near Karonga (Nyassaland). First important fighting.

Defence of Abercorn (Rhodesia) ends. German force retreats (see 5th) .

First units of Indian Expeditionary Force "A" arrive at Suez (see 19th).

September 10

Battle of the Marne ends (British date) (see 6th).

Battle of the Ourcq ends.

Semlin (Syrmia) occupied by Serbian forces (see 17th).

German light cruiser "Emden" makes her first capture in the Indian Ocean (Greek collier "Pontoporos") (see 22nd, and October 28th).

German and Austrian representatives expelled from Egypt (see November 1st).

September 11

Second Battle of Lemberg ends (see 8th). Austrian forces in Galicia retreat (see October 3rd).

Serbian advance in Syrmia abandoned (see and 17th).

British Government issue orders the raising of the second New Army of six divisions (see August 21st September 13th).

Australian Expeditionary Force lands on Bismarck Archipelago (German Guinea).

September 12

Battle of the Grand Couronné (Nancy) ends (see 4th).

Battle of the Aisne, 1914, begins (see 15th).

Affair of Herbertshöhe (German Guinea) (see 11th and 17th).

September 13

Soissons (see 1st, and January 8th, 1915) and Amiens (see August 31st) reoccupied by French forces.

British Government issue orders raising third New Army of six divisions (see llth).

September 14

Reims evacuated by German forces (see 5th and 19th).

Action between British armed merchant cruiser "Carmania" and German armed merchant cruiser "Cap Trafalgar" in the South Atlantic: latter sunk.

General von Moltke resigns as Chief of the General Staff of the German Field Armies, and is succeeded by General Falkenhayn (see August 2nd, 1914, and August 20th, 1916).

September 15

Battle of the Aisne, 1914, ends (see 12th).

Battle of the Masurian Lakes ends (see 5th).

Czernowitz (Bukovina) taken by Russian forces (see October 22nd).

Rebellion in South Africa begins (see December 1st and 28th).

September 17

German New Guinea and surrounding Colonies capitulate to Australian Expeditionary Force (see 21st, and October 11th).

Serbian forces in Syrmia withdrawn. Semlin evacuated (see 16th).

Battle of the Drina ends (see 8th).

British Naval Mission leaves Turkey.

Admiral Souchon (Imperial German navy) assumes control of Turkish navy.

September 18

General Hindenburg appointed Commander-in-Chief of German Armies in Eastern Theatre (see August 23rd and November 27th).

September 19

First units of Indian Expeditionary Force "A" leave Egypt for Marseilles (see 9th).

First bombardment of Reims Cathedral by German artillery (see 14th).

Cattaro bombarded by French squadron.

Lüderitzbucht (German South-West Africa) occupied by South African forces. First German territory to be entered by Union troops.

British and French Governments guarantee to Belgium the integrity of her colonies.

Secret agreement for mutual support concluded between Russian and Rumanian Governments.

September 20

H.M.S. "Pegasus" sunk by German light cruiser "Königsberg" at Zanzibar (see October 31st, 1914, and July 11th, 1915).

September 21

Noyon retaken by French forces (see 25th, and August 26th).

Jaroslaw (Galicia) taken by Russian forces (see May 14th, 1915).

German armed forces in New Guinea surrender to the Australian Expeditionary Force (see 17th, and October 11th).

British Proclamation issued adding to list of contraband (see August 4th and December 23rd).

September 22

Battle of Picardy begins (see 26th).

H.M.S. "Aboukir," "Hogue," and "Cressy" sunk by German submarine "U.-9."

Admiral Spee's squadron bombards Papeete in Tahiti (see, August 6th and November 1st).

German light cruiser "Emden" bombards Madras (see 10th, and October 28th).

First British air raid on Germany (Düsseldorf and Cologne airship sheds attacked) (see October 8th).

First use of wireless telegraphy from aeroplane to artillery (by British Royal Flying Corps).

September 23

British force joins Japanese army before Tsingtau. Force landed September 22nd; in action September 24th. (see 2nd, and November 7th).

September 24

Péronne taken by German forces (see March 18th, 1017).

Przemysl isolated by Russian forces. First siege begins (see October 9th).

Russian forces begin first Invasion of North Hungary (see October 8th).

September 25

Noyon retaken by German Eorces (see 21st, and March 18th, 1917).

Actions on the Niemen begin (see 29th).

September 26

Battle of Picardy ends (see 22nd).

Bapaume occupied by German Eorces (see March 17th, 1917).

First units of Indian Expeditionary Force "A" land at Marseilles (see 19th, and October 19th).

September 27

Siege of Antwerp begins (see October 10th).

First Battle of Artois begins (see October 12th).

Duala (Cameroons) captured by Allied forces (26th/27th) (see 7th).

September 28

Malines taken by German forces. Distinctive markings on German aircraft first reported (see November 12th).

Lieut.-General Sir A. Barrett appointed Commander-designate of Indian Expeditionary Force "D" for Mesopotamia (see November 13th).

September 29

German offensive on the Niemen abandoned (see 25th).

September 30

Arras reoccupied by French forces (see August 29th).

October 2

Termonde (Belgium) taken by German forces.

Indian Expeditionary Force "E" formed in Egypt from details of Indian Expeditionary Force "A" (see August 24th, 1914, and March 25th, 1915).

October 3

Ypres occupied by German cavalry (see 13th).

British army begins to leave the Aisne and to move northwards (see 19th).

First units of British Royal Naval Division (Marine Brigade) arrive at Antwerp (3rd/4th).

First contingents of Canadian and Newfoundland Expeditionary Forces leave for England (see 15th).

Retreat of Austro-Hungarian forces in Galicia ends (see September 11th).

Maramaros-Sziget taken by Russian forces (see 7th).

Minelaying in the open sea (between the Goodwins and Ostend) commenced by British (see August 5th).

October 4

Lens and Bailleul occupied by German forces (see 14th, and September 3rd, 1918, and August 30th, 1918).

Austro-Hungarian counter-offensive in Galicia begins (see 3rd).

Provisional Government under Essad Pasha set up in Albania at Durazzo (see February 24th, 1916).

October 6

Units of British 7th Division disembark at Ostend and Zeebrugge to co-operate with Belgian army (see 12th).

October 7

Maramaros-Sziget retaken by Austrian forces (see 3rd).

Belgian Government transferred from Antwerp to Ostend (see August 17th and October 12th and 13th). Evacuation of Antwerp begun.

Japanese naval forces occupy Yap Island (Pacific).

October 8

General Foch appointed to command Allied forces (less Belgians) defending the Flanders coast (see May 15th, 1917).

Second British air raid on Germany (Düsseldorf and Cologne airship sheds attacked) (see September 22nd).

First Russian invasion of North Hungary ends (see September 24th and November 15th).

October 9

Merville, Estaires, Armentières, and Hazebrouck taken by German forces (see 10th, 11th and 17th).

Menin occupied by German forces (Approximate date.) (see October 15th, 1918).

Last forts of Antwerp taken by German forces (see 10th, and September 27th).

First German offensive against Warsaw. Battles of Warsaw and Ivangorod begin (see 19th and 20th).

Przemysl relieved by advancing Austrian forces (see 4th). End of First siege (see September 24th and November 10th).

October 10

Antwerp capitulates to German forces (see 9th, and September 27th, 1914, and November 19th, 1918).

Hazebrouck and Estaires captured by British forces (see 9th).

Battle of La Bassée begins (see November 2nd).

Protocol signed by United States of America and Panama as to use of Panama Canal by ships of belligerent Powers.

King Charles of Rumania dies, and is succeeded by his son Ferdinand.

October 11

Merville retaken by British forces (see 9th, and April 11th, 1918).

Bussian cruiser "Pallada" sunk by German submarine off Hangö.

German gunboat "Komet" captured by H.M.A.S. "Nusa" near Talassia (Neu Pommern). Last, act of hostilities in Australasian waters.

October 12

Battle of Messines, 1914, begins (see November 2nd).

First Battle of Artois ends (see September 27th).

Ostend and Zeebrugge evacuated by Belgian forces (see 6th and 15th).

Lille capitulates to German forces (see September 5th, 1914, and October 17th, 1918).

Ghent evacuated by Belgian forces and occupied by German forces (see November 10th, 1918).

October 13

Battle of Armentières begins (see November 2nd).

Ypres reoccupied by Allied forces retreating from Ghent (see 3rd and 19th).

First appearance of a German submarine on the Southampton-Havre troop-transport route reported.

Battle of Chyrow (Galicia) begins (see November 2nd).

Belgian Government set up at Havre (see 7th, and November 21st, 1918).

October 14

Bailleul occupied by British forces (see 4th, and April 15th, 1918).

Bruges occupied by German forces (see October 19th, 1918).

Yabasi (Cameroons) captured by Allied forces.

October 15

Belgian coast-line reached by German forces (see October 20th, 1918).

Zeebrugge and Ostend occupied by German forces (see 12th, and October 17th and 19th, 1918).

First units of Canadian and Newfoundland Expeditionary Forces land in England (see 3rd, and February 9th, 1915).

H.M.S. "Hawke" sunk by German submarine in North Sea.

October 16

Battle of the Yser begins (Belgian date) (see November 10th).

New Zealand Expeditionary Force leaves New Zealand for France (see December 1st).

Indian Expeditionary Force "B" leaves India for East Africa (see 31st).

First units of Indian Expeditionary Force "D" leave India for the Persian Gulf (see 23rd).

Marquis di San Giuliano, Italian Foreign Minister (appointed March 24th 1914), dies (see November 3rd).

October 17

Armentières recaptured by Allied forces (see 9th, and April 11th, 1918).

Action by H.M.S. "Undaunted" and destroyers with four German destroyers off Dutch coast; latter all sunk.

First British submarines ("E.-1" and "E.-9") enter the Baltic.

German submarines attempt raid on Scapa Flow (see 18th).

First units of Australian Imperial Force embark for France (see December 1st).

October 18

First bombardment of Ostend by British warships (see 15th).

Roulers taken by Germarj forces (see October 14th, 1918).

Grand Fleet withdraws from Scapa Flow to West of Scotland (see 17th, and November 3rd).

Japanese light cruiser "Takachiho" sunk by German destroyer off Tsingtau.

October 19

Battles of Ypres, 1914, begin (see 31st, and November 22nd).

Transfer of British army from the Aisne to Flanders completed (see 3rd).

First Indian units reach the Flanders front (see September 26th, and November 10th, 1915).

Battle of Warsaw ends (see 9th).

October 20

Battle of Ivangorod ends (see 9th).

First merchant vessel sunk by German submarine (British S.S. "Glitra") (see February 19th and March 13th and 28th, 1915).

October 21

Battle of Langemarck, 1914 (Ypres) begins (see 24th).

October 22

Czernowitz (Bukovina) reoccupied by Austrian forces (see 28th, and September 15th).

United States Government issue Circular Note to belligerent Governments stating that they will insist on existing rules of International Law (see July 28th, 1916).

October 23

Advanced troops of Indian Expeditionary Force "D" arrive at the Bahrein Islands (Persian Gulf) (see 16th, and November 6th).

October 24

Battle of Langemarck, 1914 (Ypres), ends (see 21st).

October 25

General Sir C. Douglas, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Great Britain (Appointed April 6, 1914), dies (see 26th).

October 26

German forces begin an unprovoked invasion of Angola (Portuguese West Africa) (see December 4th).

Edea (Cameroons) occupied by French forces.

General Sir J. Wolfe Murray appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Great Britain (see 25th, and September 25th, 1915).

October 27

H.M.S. "Audacious" sunk by mine off coast of Donegal.

October 28

Czernowitz (Bukovina) reoccupied by Russian forces (see 22nd, and February 17th, 1915).

German cruiser "Emden" raids Penang Roads and sinks Russian cruiser "Zhemchug" (see September 10th and November 9th).

October 29

Battle of Gheluvelt (Ypres) begins (see 31st).

Turkey commences hostilities against Russia (see July 31st, and November 2nd and 5th) . Turkish warships bombard Odessa, Sevastopol, and Theodosia.

New British Order in Council revises list of contraband and modifies "Declaration of London" of 1909 (see August 20th, 1914, and July 7th, 1916).

Prince Louis of Battenberg, First Sea Lord, Great Britain (Appointed December 9th, 1912.), resigns (see 30th).

October 30

Stanislau (Galicia) taken by Russian forces (see February 19th, 1915).

Serbian forces begin retreat from the line of the Drina (see November 30th).

Allied Governments present ultimatum to Turkey (see 29th).

Great Britain and France sever diplomatic relations with Turkey. British and French Ambassadors demand passports (see 31st, and November 5th).

Italian Cabinet resign. New Cabinet formed. Signor Salandra remains Premier (previously appointed March 24th, 1914) (see May 13th, 1915).

British hospital ship "Rohilla" wrecked off Whitby.

Lord Fisher appointed First Sea Lord, Great Britain (see 29th, and May 15th, 1915).

October 31

Critical day of Battles of Ypres, 1914: British line broken and restored (see 19th, and November 11th). Battle of Gheluvelt ends (see 29th).

H.M.S. "Hermes" sunk by German submarine in Straits of Dover.

British Government issue orders for hostilities to commence against Turkey (see 30th, and November 1st and 5th).

First units of Indian Expeditionary Force "B" arrive at Mombasa (see 16th, and December 31st).

General Stewart succeeded in command of British forces in East Africa by General Aitken (see September 1st and December 4th).

German light cruiser "Königsberg" located in Rufiji River (see July 11, 1915).

Lord Kitchener sends to Sherif of Mecca conditional guarantee of Arabian independence (see July 14th, 1915).

November 1

Messines taken by German forces (see June 7th, 1917).

Great Britain and Turkey commence hostilities (see 5th, and October 30th and 31st).

Naval action off Coronel. H.M.S. "Good Hope" and "Monmouth" sunk by Admiral von Spee's Squadron (see September 22nd and December 8th).

Martial law proclaimed in Egypt (see September 10th and December 18th ).

November 2

Battles of Messines and Armentières end (see October 12th and 13th).

Battle of La Bassée ends (see October 10th).

Battle of Chyrow ends (see October 13th).

Austrian cruiser "Kaiserin Elizabeth" sunk in Tsingtau harbour.

First units of Indian Expeditionary Force "F" leave India for Egypt (see 16th).

Government of India announce immunity of the Mussulman Holy Places during hostilities with Turkey.

Russia declares war on Turkey (see October 29th).

"State of War" commences between Serbia and Turkey.

British Admiralty declare the North Sea a military zone.

British force begins attack on Tanga (German East Africa) (see 5th).

November 3

First German naval raid British coast near Gorleston and Yarmouth.

Grand Fleet ordered back to Scapa Flow (see October 18th, 1914, and November 21st, 1918) .

Northern frontier of German East Africa first crossed by British troops. (Affair of Longido.) (See August 15th.)

Allied squadrons bombard forts at entrance of the Dardanelles (see December 13th).

Baron Sonnino appointed Italian Foreign Minister (see October 16th and 30th, 1914, and May 13th, 1015).

November 4

German cruiser "Karlsruhe" sunk in the Atlantic by internal explosion (see August 6th).

German cruiser "Yorck" sunk by mine off the German coast.

Russian forces cross frontier of Turkey-in-Asia and seize Azap.

Moratorium in Great Britain ends (see August 2nd).

November 5

Great Britain and France formally declare war on Turkey (see 1st and 11th, and October 31st).

Great Britain annexes Cyprus.

Attack on Tanga ends. British force repulsed (see 2nd, and July 7th, 1916).

Belgian Government reject Papal mediation (see July 30th, 1915).

November 6

Advanced troops of Indian Expeditionary Force "D" effect landing in Mesopotamia at Fao (see 22nd, and October 23rd).

Turkey severs diplomatic relations with Belgium.

British submarine "B.-11" proceeds two miles up the Dardanelles. (First warship to enter Straits.) (See December 13th).

Keupri-Keui (Armenia) taken by Russian forces (see 14th).

French Government issue declaration modifying list of contraband (see August 25th, 1914, and January 3rd, 1915).

November 7

Tsingtau capitulates to Japanese forces (see September 2nd and 23rd, 1914, and August 6th, 1915).

November 9

German cruiser "Emden" destroyed by H.M.A.S. "Sydney" at the Cocos Islands (see October 28th).

German gunboat "Geier" interned at Honolulu.

British and French Governments conclude convention as to naval "prizes" (see August 6th, 1914, and January 15th, 1917).

November 10

Battle of the Yser ends (French date) (see October 10th).

Dixmude stormed by German forces (see September 29th, 1918).

Przemysl again isolated by Russian forces (see October 9th). Second Siege begins (see March 22nd, 1915).

British force storms Sheikh Saïd (Southern Arabia) and destroys the defences (10th/11th).

November 11

Battle of Nonneboschen (Ypres). Attack by German Guard repulsed (see 22nd, and October 19th and 31st).

Memel (East Prussia) occupied by Russian forces (approximate date) (see February 17th, 1015).

The Sheikh ul Islam issues Fatwa declaring Jehad (Holy War) against all the Allies (see 2nd, 5th, and 14th).

H.M.S. "Niger" sunk by German submarine off Deal.

November 12

Orders issued for all British aeroplanes on Western front to bear distinguishing marks (see September 28th).

November 13

Dutch Government protest against modifications of the Declaration of London (see October 29th).

Lieut.-General Sir A. Barrett takes over command of Indian Expeditionary Force "D" in Mesopotamia (see September 28th, 1914, and April 9th, 1915).

November 14

Keupri-Keui (Armenia) retaken by Turkish forces (see 6th).

Field-Marshal Earl Roberts dies in France.

Sultan of Turkey as Khalif proclaims Jehad against those making war on Turkey or her allies (see 11th).

Japanese Cabinet decide against despatch of troops or warships to Europe (see February 8th, 1916, and April 17th, 1917).

November 15

Battle of Cracow begins (see December 2nd).

Second Russian invasion of North Hungary begins (see October 8th and December 12th).

Affair of Saihan (Mesopotamia).

November 16

First units of Indian Expeditionary Force "F" land in Egypt (see 2nd, and March 25th, 1915).

Second German offensive against Warsaw. Battle of Lodz begins (see December 15th).

November 17

Libau (Baltic) bombarded by German squadron (see August 2nd).

German cruiser "Friedrich Karl" sunk by mine in the Baltic.

Trebizond (Black Sea) bombarded by Russian squadron (see April 6th, 1916).

Affair of Sahil (Mesopotamia).

November 18

Re-transfer of French Government from Bordeaux to Paris begins (see September 2nd).

November 20

British, Belgian, and French Governments withdraw proposal for neutralisation of African free trade zone in view of altered situation (see August 22nd).

November 21

British naval air raid on Friedrichshaven.

November 22

Battles of Ypres, 1914, ends (see October 19th, 31st, and November 11th, 1914, and April 22nd, 1915).

War Office assume control of the British operations in East Africa.

Basra (Mesopotamia) occupied by British forces (see 6th). Formal occupation took place on the 23rd.

Keupri-Keui (Armenia) again taken by Russian forces (see 14th, and December 17th).

November 23

Netherlands Overseas Trust formed (see June 3rd, 1915).

Portuguese Government announce prospective co-operation of Portugal with Great Britain (see August 8th, 1916).

November 26

H.M.S. "Bulwark" destroyed by internal explosion in Sheerness harbour.

November 27

General von Hindenburg promoted Field-Marshal (see September 18th, 1914, and August 29th, 1916).

November 28

Affair of Miranshah (North-West Frontier of India) (28th/29th). First outbreak on North-West Frontier of India caused by German intrigues.

November 30

Battle of Lowicz-Sanniki begins (see December 17th).

Belgrade evacuated by retreating Serbian forces (see October 30th).

December 1

Battle of Limanova-Lapanov begins (see 17th).

First units of Australian and New Zealand Expeditionary Forces arrive at Suez (see October 10th and 17th, 1914, and February 20th and April 25th, 1915).

General de Wet, the leader of South African rebellion, captured by Union troops (see 28th, and September 15th).

December 2

Austrian forces cross the Danube and occupy Belgrade (see 15th, and November 30th).

Battle of Cracow ends (see November 15th).

December 3

Battle of the Kolubara (Serbia) begins (see 6th).

British Government agree to Japanese request that Australia should not occupy German islands north of the Equator (see 16th).

December 4

First action of Qurna (Mesopotamia) begins (see 8th).

General Wapshare succeeds General Aitken in command of the British forces in East Africa: latter recalled (see October 31st and November 5th, 1914, and April 16th, 1915).

Portuguese Expeditionary Force leaves Lisbon for Angola (see October 26th, 1914, and August 8th, 1916).

December 5

Entente démarche in Athens, Sofia, and Bukharest to secure help for Serbia (see 6th, and January 24th, 1915).

Serbian Government declare that Serbia will never make peace without Allied consent.

December 6

Battle of the Kolubara ends. Austrian forces routed by the Serbians and driven northwards (see 3rd).

Rumanian Government decline to guarantee Greece against German attack (see 5th).

December 7

British Envoy (Sir H. Howard) appointed to the Vatican.

December 8

First action of Qurna ends (see 4th).

Battle of the Falklands. Admiral von Spee's squadron destroyed. "Scharnhorst," "Gneisenau," "Leipzig," and "Nürnberg" sunk. Admiral von Spee killed (see November 1st). "Dresden" escapes (see March 14th, 1915).

December 9

Qurna occupied by British forces (see 8th).

December 10

Field-Marshal von der Goltz leaves Germany to take over control of the Turkish Army (see November 24th. 1915, and April 19th, 1916).

Batum (Georgia) bombarded by the "Goeben" and "Breslau."

December 11

Dr. B. L. Machado Guimarães, Portuguese Premier, resigns (appointed June 23rd, 1914) (see 12th).

December 12

Second Russian invasion of North Hungary ends (see November 15th).

Senhor V. H. d'Azevedo Coutinho appointed Portuguese Premier (see 11th, and January 25th, 1915).

December 13

Turkish battleship "Messoudieh" sunk by British submarine "B.-11" in the Dardanelles (see November 6th).

December 14

Allied demonstrations on Flanders front begin. Attack on Wytschaete.

German armed merchant cruiser "Cormoran" (ex-Russian S.S. "Ryasan") interned at Guam.

December 15

Battle of Lodz ends (see November 16th).

Belgrade occupied by Serbian forces (see 2nd). End of Second Austrian invasion of Serbia (see October 6th and 9th, 1915).

German airship sighted off East Coast of England (first appearance of hostile aircraft in vicinity of British Isles (see 21st).

December 16

Scarborough and Hartlepool (East coast of England) bombarded by German battle cruiser squadron.

Japanese Foreign Minister declares Japan will not give up German islands occupied north of the Equator (see 3rd, and February 14th, 1917).

December 17

Battle of Lowicz-Sanniki ends (see November 30th).

Battle of Limanova-Lapanov ends (see 1st).

Turkish Offensive in the Caucasus begins. Keupri-Keui retaken (see 29th, November 22nd, 1914, and January 17th, 1916).

December 18

British Protectorate over Egypt proclaimed.

Meeting of Scandinavian Kings at Malmo.

Battle of the Rawka-Bzura begins. This battle had no definite end; operations subsided into trench warfare.

December 19

British Government declare Khedive Abbas Hilmi deposed, and proclaim Prince Hussein Kamel Pasha as Sultan of Egypt (see October 9th, 1917).

Great Britain declares adherence to Franco Moorish-Treaty of 1912.

December 20

First Battle of Champagne begins (see March 17th, 1915).

British defence of Givenchy, 1914 (20th/21st).

December 21

First German air raid on England. Aeroplane drops bombs in sea near Dover (see 24th, January 19th, 1915, and July 20th and August 5th, 1918).

Jasin (East Africa) occupied by British forces (see January 18th and 19th, 1915).

December 23

British Proclamation issued containing revised list of contraband (see September 21st, 1914, and March 11th, 1915).

December 24

Second air raid on England (see 21st). First bomb dropped on English soil (near Dover).

December 25

British seaplane raid on Cuxhaven.

December 26

Italian force lands at Valona; Italy notifies Austria of provisional occupation (see May 29th, 1915).

Garibaldi's Italian Foreign Legion in action for first time on French front.

December 28

End of organised rebellion in South Africa (see September 15th, 1914, and January 11th, 1915).

December 29

Battle of Sarikamish (Caucasus) begins (see 17th, and January 2nd, 1915).

British Government send memorandum to United States Government in defence of British blockade policy.

December 30

Russian Commander-in-Chief (Grand Duke Nicholas) suggests a British expedition against the Turks to ease Russian situation in the Caucasus (see January 13th, 1915).

December 31

Indian Expeditionary Force "C" (East Africa) absorbed into Indian Expeditionary Force "B" (see September 1st and October 31st).

January 1

H.M.S. "Formidable" sunk by German submarine in the English Channel.

January 2

Battle of Sarikamish ends (see December 29th, 1914, and April 4th,1918).

Urmia (North Persia) evacuated by Russian forces (see April 16th). This city was occupied by Russian forces before the outbreak of the War.

January 3

French Government issue further revised list of contraband (see November 6th, 1914).

January 4

London Stock Exchange reopens (see July 31st, 1914).

January 5

German attack on Edea (Cameroons) repulsed by French garrison.

Tabriz (North Persia) evacuated by Russian forces (see 8th and 30th). This city was occupied by Russian forces before the outbreak of the War.

January 6

German S.S. "Dacia" (interned in the United States) sold to Mr. Breitung, an American citizen (see February 11th).

January 8

Battle of Soissons begins (see 14th).

Tabriz (North Persia) occupied by Turkish forces (see 5th and 30th).

Battle of Kara Urgan (Caucasus) begins (see 13th).

January 10

British defence of Muscat (Eastern Arabia) (10th/11th).

January 11

Rumanian Government negotiate loan of £5,000,000 in Great Britain.

Last rebels in the Transvaal captured (see December 28th, 1914).

January 12

Mafia Island (German East Africa) seized by a British force.

January 13

Battle of Kara Urgan ends (see 8th).

British War Council resolve that the Admiralty should prepare for a naval expedition in February against the Dardanelles (see 28th, and December 30th, 1914).

Baron Burian succeeds Count Berchtold (appointed February 19th, 1912) as Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs (see December 22nd, 1916).

January 14

Battle of Soissons ends (see 8th).

Swakopmund (German South-West Africa) occupied by South African forces.

January 15

Existence of secret agreement for mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced by respective Governments.

January 18

German attack on Jasin (East Africa) begins (see 19th).

January 19

First airship raid on England (see December 21st, 1914, and August 5th, 1918).

Jasin (East Africa) captured by German forces (see 18th, and December 21st, 1914).

January 21

LieutGeneral von Falkenhayn (appointed in 1906) succeeded as German Minister for War by Lieut-General Wild von Hohenborn (see October 30th, 1916). General von Falkenhayn remains Chief of the General Staff (see August 29th, 1916).

January 23

Defence of Upington (South Africa) (23rd/24th).

January 24

Action of the Dogger Bank. German cruiser "Blücher" sunk.

German airship "P.L.-19" brought down near Libau.

Lieut.-General Sir A. J. Murray resigns as Chief of the General Staff, British Expeditionary Force, France (see 25th, and August 4th, 1914).

LieutGeneral Sir W. Robertson resigns as Quartermaster-General, British Expeditionary Force, France (see 25th and 27th, and August 4th, 1914).

British Government offer Greek Government concessions in Asia Minor in return for help to Serbia (see 25th and 29th, April 12th, 1915, and December 5th, 1914).

January 25

LieutGeneral Sir W. Robertson appointed Chief of the General Staff, British Expeditionary Force, France (see 24th, and December 22nd).

Rumania refuses Entente suggestion that she should join Greece in support of Serbia (see 24th and 29th, October 15th, 1915, and December 6th, 1914).

General Pimenta da Castro succeeds Senhor Coutinho as Portuguese Premier (see December 12th, 1914, and May 14th, 1915).

January 26

Turkish advance on Egypt through Sinai begins (see February 2nd).

Entente Governments agree to hold "Pact of London" applicable to war with Turkey (see September 5th, 1914).

January 27

Lieut.-General Sir R. C. Maxwell appointed Quartermaster-General, British Expeditionary Force, France (see 24th, and December 22nd, 1917).

January 28

British Government definitely decide to make naval attack on the Dardanelles (see 13th).

United States S.V. "William P. Frye" sunk by German armed merchant cruiser "Prinz Eitel Friedrich" (see August 6th, 1914, and April 8th, 1915).

January 29

Walney Island battery (Barrow-in-Furness) shelled by German submarine (first operation of German submarines in the Irish Sea).

Greek Government decline to intervene on behalf of Serbia (set 24th and 25th, and February 15th).

January 30

Tabriz (North Persia) reoccupied by Russian forces (see 8th, and June 14th, 1918).

British Admiralty warn British merchant vessels to fly neutral or no ensigns in vicinity of British Isles (see February 6th, 7th and 11th).

January 31

Arab forces (Idrisi) occupy Farasan Islands in the Red Sea (see April 28th).

February 1

British Admiralty issue orders forbidding neutral fishing vessels to use British ports.

February 2

Turkish advance-guards reach the Suez Canal (see 3rd, and January 20th).

Aden Protectorate invaded by Turkish forces.

Entente communication to Greek, Serbian, and Montenegrin Governments deprecating their intervention in Albania (see June 26th).

February 3

Actions on the Suez Canal begin (see 4th).

Bulgarian Government negotiate loan of £3,000,000 in Germany (see August 6th).

Agreement concluded between Great Britain and Belgium concerning delimitation of Uganda-Congo boundary.

February 4

The Winter Battle in Masuria (East Prussia) begins (see 22nd).

Actions on the Suez Canal end (see 3rd). Turkish forces retreat into Sinai.

German Government announce that submarine blockade of Great Britain will begin on the 18th February.

February 5

British, French and Russian Governments agree to pool their financial resources (see June 3rd).

February 6

British S.S. "Lusitania" arrives at Liverpool flying United States flag (see 7th, January 30th and May 7th).

February 7

British Foreign Office issue statement justifying use of neutral flag at sea (see 6th, 11th, and January 30th).

February 9

1st Canadian Division crosses from England to France (9th/llth) (see October 15th, 1914).

February 11

United States Government send Note to British Government deprecating use of neutral flag (see 7th).

S.S. "Dacia" sails from United States for Bremen (Germany) with cargo of cotton (see 27th, and January 6th)

February 15

Entente Governments suggest to Greek Government that Greece should intervene in support of Serbia, and promise military support at Salonika (see January 29th and March 5th).

Mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry (Indian Army) at Singapore.

Agreement concluded between Great Britain and France supplementing "prize" convention of November 9th, 1914.

February 16

Oyem (Cameroons) occupied by French forces.

British Government decide to send a division (the 29th) to the Dardanelles (see 20th, and April 25th).

British Government extend prohibition of "trading with the enemy" to territories in British, enemy, or friendly occupation.

February 17

Czernowitz (Bukovina) retaken by Austrian forces (see October 28th. 1914, and June 17th, 1916).

Memel reoccupied by German forces (see November 11th, 1914, and March 18th, 1915).

German airship "L.-3" stranded and destroyed off Fano, and "L.-4" destroyed near Blaavands Huk (Denmark).

February 18

German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins (see 4th).

February 19

Allied naval attack on the Dardanelles forts commences (see March 18th).

Stanislau (Galicia) captured by Austrian forces (see October 30th, 1914, and March 4th, 1915).

Norwegian S.S. "Belridge" torpedoed, but reaches port. First ship torpedoed by German submarine without warning (see October 20th, 1914, and March 13th, 1915). German Government subsequently asserted that this ship was attacked in error.

February 20

Orders issued for employment at the Dardanelles of the Australian and New Zealand troops in Egypt (see 16th, and December 1st, 1914).

Muavin ed Douleh succeeds Ala es Sultaneh as Persian Foreign Minister (see August 19th, 1914, and April 26th, 1915).

February 22

The Winter Battle in Masuria ends (see 4th).

Battle of Przasnysz begins (see 27th).

Net barrage across North Channel (between Ireland and Scotland) established.

South African Northern Force begins advance from Swakopmund on Windhuk (see January 14th).

February 23

Lemnos (Ægean) occupied by British marines (see March 7th).

February 24

The first British Territorial division (the North Midland) leaves England for France. Not to be confused with first division of the New Armies, for which see May 9th.

February 26

Liquid fire first used by the Germans on the Western front.

February 27

Battle of Przasnysz ends (see 22nd).

S.S. "Dacia" intercepted and seized by French naval forces (see 11th, and March 22nd).

March 1

British blockade of German East Africa commences.

Antivari bombarded by Austrian squadron (see January 22nd, 1916).

Joint declaration signed by Great Britain and France to prevent trade by or with Germany (see April 17th, 1916).

March 4

Stanislau (Galicia) recaptured by Russian forces (see February 19th and June 8th).

French Government decide to send Expeditionary Force to the Dardanelles (see February 16th and 20th, and April 25th).

First case of "indicator" nets aiding in the destruction of a German submarine ("U.-8," in Straits of Dover). First experimented with in January 1915.

Russian Government send circular telegram to Entente Governments laying claim to Constantinople (see 12th).

March 5

Greek Premier (M. Venizelos) proffers Greek fleet and troops to Entente for operations at the Dardanelles (see 6th, and February 15th and September 21st).

Bombardment of Smyrna by British squadron under Admiral Peirse begins (see 9th).

March 6

King of Greece refuses assent to policy of M. Venizelos (see 5th). M. Venizelos resigns office as Premier (see 9th, and August 22nd) (date of appointment October 19th, 1910).

March 7

Greek Government request explanation of British occupation of Lemnos (see 9th, and February 23rd).

March 9

British bombardment of Smyrna ends (see 5th and 15th).

M. Gounaris appointed Premier of Greece (see 6th, and August 22nd).

British Government reply to Greek Government as to occupation of Lemnos, pleading military necessity (see 7th and 20th).

March 10

Battle of Neuve Chapelle begins (see 13th).

March 11

British "Retaliatory Order in Council" relating to detention of enemy goods and Proclamation extending list of "absolute" contraband issued (see 12th, and December 23rd, 1914).

March 12

Dutch Government issue warning that foreign merchant ships using Dutch flag will be detained (see January 30th and February 11th).

British Government notify Russian Government of their acceptance of Russian claims to Constantinople (see 4th, April 12th, 1915, and December 2nd, 1916).

French Government issue decrees similar to British Order in Council and Proclamation of the 11th March.

General Sir Ian Hamilton appointed Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean (Dardanelles) Expeditionary Force (see 17th).

March 13

Battle of Neuve Chapelle ends (see 10th).

Agreement signed by French and Belgian Governments suspending Franco-Belgian Convention of July 30th, 1891, regarding military service laws.

Swedish S.S. "Hanna" torpedoed without warning. First neutral ship actually sunk by German submarine (see 25th and 28th, and February 19th).

March 14

Light cruiser "Dresden," the last German cruiser left at sea, sunk by British warships in Chilean waters off Juan Fernandez (see December 8th, 1914, and April 26th, 1915).

Mushir ed Douleh succeeds Mustaufi ul Mamalek as Persian Prime Minister (see August 19th, 1914, and April 26th, 1915).

March 15

British Squadron blockading Smyrna withdrawn (see 5th and 9th).

First merchant ship (S.S. "Blonde") attacked by aircraft.

March 17

French Government lodge claim with British Government to Syria and Cilicia (see April 26th, 1916).

General Sir Ian Hamilton takes over command of Dardanelles Expeditionary Force (see 12th, and October 15th).

First Battle of Champagne ends (see December 20th, 1914).

March 18

Allied Naval attack on the Dardanelles forts repulsed (see February 19th). French battleship "Bouvet" and British battleships "Irresistible" and "Ocean" sunk.

Memel (East Prussia) again captured by Russian forces (see 21st, and February 17th).

General Sir John Nixon appointed Commander-in-Chief British Forces in Mesopotamia (see April 9th).

British Government conclude agreement with American cotton interests that cotton should be contraband.

March 19

Dutch Government lodge protest against blockade policy of the Entente (see 11th and 12th).

March 20

Action of Jakalswater (German South-West Africa).

British Government guarantee Greece eventual cession of Lemnos by Turkey (see 9th and July 25th).

March 21

Memel (East Prussia) reoccupied by German forces (see 18th).

First German airship raid on Paris takes place (see August 30th, 1914, and January 29th, 1916).

March 22

Przemysl capitulates to Russian forces (see November 10th, 1914, and June 3rd, 1915).

French Prize Court declare seizure of S.S. "Dacia" valid (see February 27th).

March 23

First kite-balloon ship, H.M.S. "Manica," commissioned.

Chinese and Japanese Governments conclude secret agreement as to future policy in Manchuria.

March 25

Indian Expeditionary Force "F" (in Egypt) absorbed into Indian Expeditionary Force "E" (see October 2nd, 1914, and November 2nd and 16th, 1914).

General Liman von Sanders appointed to command Turco-German Forces, Dardanelles.

Dutch S.S. "Medea" captured by German submarine and sunk. (First neutral ship sunk after visit and search) (see 13th).

March 27

Bosporus forts bombarded by Russian Black Sea Fleet (see April 25th).

March 28

The first passenger ship (British S.S. "Falaba") sunk by a German submarine (see 13th, and October 20th, 1914).

March 29

British Government conclude agreement with American rubber interests that rubber should not be exported except to Great Britain.

March 30

Aus (German South-West Africa) occupied by South African forces.

April 3

Russian Imperial ukase issued granting municipal self-government to Russian Poland (see August 14th, 1914, and November 5th, 1916).

Indecisive action in Black Sea between the "Goeben" and part of the Russian Fleet. Turkish cruiser "Medjidieh" sunk by mine off Odessa.

Dover Straits barrage completed.

April 7

First Indian units of Indian Expeditionary Force "G" (formed from Force "E") sail from Egypt for the Dardanelles (see December 31st).

April 8

Deportations and massacres of Armenians by order of the Turkish Government commence (approximate date) (see May 24th).

German armed merchant cruiser "Prinz Eitel Friedrich" interned at Newport News, Va. (see January 28th).

April 9

General Sir John Nixon relieves General Sir Arthur Barrett as Commander-in-Chief Indian Expeditionary Force "D" Mesopotamia (see November 13th, 1914, March 18th, 1915, and January 19th, 1916).

April 12

Battle of Shaiba (Mesopotamia) begins (see 14th).

First Allied advance on Yaunde (Cameroons) begins (see June 7th and 28th).

Entente Governments make offer to Greece of Smyrna and hinterland in return for immediate action against Turkey (see 14th, and January 24th).

French Government notify Russian Government of their acceptance of Russian claims to Constantinople (see March 12th).

April 14

Germans accuse French of using poison gas near Verdun (see 22nd).

Battle of Shaiba (Mesopotamia) ends (see 12th).

Greek Government reject Entente offer of Smyrna (see 12th).

British Secretary for the Colonies (Mr. Harcourt) states that Dominions will be consulted as to peace terms (see July 14th).

Japanese Government inform British Government of German overtures for separate peace.

April 16

Urmia (North Persia) occupied by Turkish regular forces (see January 2nd and May 24th).

General Tighe succeeds General Wapshare in command of British Forces in East Africa (see December 4th, 1914, and February 19th, 1916).

April 17

Capture of Hill 60 (Ypres) (17th/22nd).

April 18

Operations of Allied Force for capture of Garua (Cameroons) begin (see May 31st).

First Affair of Hafiz Kor (North-West Frontier of India).

April 20

Armenian revolt at Van: Armenian defence of Van begins (see May 19th).

April 22

Battles of Ypres, 1915, begin (see November 22nd, 1914, and May 25th, 1915). First German gas attack (see 14th).

April 23

Battle of Gravenstafel Ridge (Ypres) (22nd/23rd).

British blockade of the Cameroons commences (see February 29th 1916).

April 24

Battle of St. Julien (Ypres) begins (see May 4th).

April 25

Allied Forces effect landing at the Dardanelles (25th/26th).

Bosporus forts shelled by Russian Black Sea Fleet (see March 27th).

Action of Gibeon (25th/26th) (German South-West Africa).

April 26

Secret agreement signed in London between Italian Government and the Entente for Italian co-operation in the war and declarations by which Italy adheres to the Pact of London (see September 5th, 1914, and May 4th, November 30th, and December 1st, 1915).

The last German raider overseas (armed merchant cruiser "Kronprinz Wilhelm") interned at Newport News (United States of America) (see March 14th).

French cruiser "Leon Gambetta" sunk by Austrian submarine in Straits of Otranto.

Mushir ed Douleh, Persian Prime Minister, resigns (see March 14th and April 27th).

Muavin ed Douleh, Persian Foreign Minister, resigns (see February 20th and April 27th).

April 27

Ain ed Douleh appointed Persian Prime Minister (see 26th, and August 17th).

Mohtashem ed Douleh appointed Persian Foreign Minister (see 26th, and March 5th, 1916).

April 28

First Battle of Krithia (Dardanelles) (see May 6th).

British Government conclude a treaty with the Idrisi for co-operation against the Turks (see January 31st).

April 30

Shavli (Baltic Provinces) occupied by German forces (see May 11th).

May 1

Austro-German Spring Offensive in Galicia: Battle of Gorlice-Tarnow begins (see 5th).

Battle of Dilman (North Persia).

S.S. "Gulflight" torpedoed without warning: damaged, but reaches port. First United States ship attacked by German submarine (see February 19th and March 13th).

May 4

Italy denounces the Triple Alliance (see April 26th).

Battle of St. Julien (Ypres) ends (see April 24th).

May 5

Battle of Gorlice-Tarnow ends (see 1st).

May 6

Battle of Krithia (Dardanelles) begins (see 8th, and April 28th).

May 7

Libau (Baltic Provinces) taken by German forces (see April 30th).

S.S. "Lusitania" sunk by German submarine "U.-20" off Queenstown (see February 6th).

British Foreign Minister (Sir E. Grey) gives conditional guarantee to Serbian Minister of eventual cession of Bosnia and Herzegovina with "wide access to the Adriatic" (see August 15th and 30th).

Japan presents ultimatum to China demanding territorial concessions (see 9th).

May 8

Battle of Frezenberg Ridge (Ypres) begins (see 13th).

Battle of Krithia ends (see 6th, and June 4th).

May 9

Allied Spring Offensive begins:—

Battle of Aubers Ridge.

Second Battle of Artois begins (see June 18th).

The leading division of the British New Armies leaves England for France (see August 21st, 1914, and February 24th, 1915).

President Wilson, in a speech, defines United States policy in regard to the "Lusitania" outrage (see 7th).

Chinese Government yield to Japanese demands (see 7th and 25th).

May 10

Naval Convention signed between Great Britain, France, and Italy.

May 11

Shavli evacuated by German forces (see April 30th).

May 13

Battle of Frezenberg Ridge (Ypres) ends (see 8th).

Windhuk (German South-West Africa) occupied by South African Northern Force.

H.M.S. "Goliath" sunk by Turkish destroyer in the Dardanelles.

Signor Salandra, Italian Premier, tenders his resignation (see 16th, and October 30th, 1914).

Baron Sonnino, Italian Foreign Minister, tenders his resignation (see 16th, and November 3rd, 1914).

May 14

Jaroslaw taken by Austro-German forces (see September 21st, 1914).

Last meeting of British War Council (see August 5th, 1914, and June 7th, 1915).

General da Castro, Portuguese Premier, resigns (see 15th, and January 25th).

May 15

Battle of Festubert begins (see 25th).

Senhor J. Pinheiro Chagas appointed Portuguese Premier (see 14th, and June 19th).

Lord Fisher, First Sea Lord, Great Britain, tenders his resignation (see 28th, and October 30th, 1914).

May 16

Battle of the San (Galicia) begins (see 23rd).

Signor Salandra reappointed Italian Premier on reconstruction of Cabinet, with Baron Sonnino as Foreign Minister (see 13th, and June 11th, 1916).

May 19

Van (Armenia) taken by Russian forces. Armenian garrison relieved (see April 20th and August 3rd, 1915, and April 5th, 1918).

May 21

Russian Expeditionary Force to West Persia lands at Enzeli (see February 17th, 1918).

May 23

Battle of the San ends (see 16th).

Italian Government order Mobilisation and declare war against Austria.

General Cadorna appointed Commander-in-Chief of Italian Armies in the Field (see November 7th, 1917). Officially designated "Chief of Staff," the King being the nominal Commander-in-Chief.

May 24

Battle of Bellewaerde Ridge (Ypres) (24th/25th).

Battle of Przemysl begins (see June 3rd and 11th).

Battle of the Stryj (Galicia) begins (see June 11th).

Italian forces cross Austrian frontier (midnight 24th/25th).

Germany severs diplomatic relations with Italy (see August 28th, 1916). For the purposes of the Treaty of Versailles it was subsequently assumed that this rupture took place on the 27th, which date was accepted as that of the commencement of Italy's belligerence against Germany.

Urmia (North Persia) retaken by Russian forces (see April 16th).

Entente Governments declare that they will hold Turkish Ministers personally responsible for the Armenian massacres (see April 8th).

May 25

Battles of Ypres, 1915, end (see April 22nd, 1915, and July 31st, 1917).

Battle of Festubert ends (see 15th).

H.M.S. "Triumph" sunk by submarine off the Dardanelles.

Italian fleet commences operations in the Adriatic (see 26th).

Coalition Ministry formed in Great Britain by Mr. Asquith (see December 11th, 1916).

Treaty signed between China and Japan concerning Shantung Province (see 7th and 9th).

Treaty signed between China and Japan concerning South Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (see 7th and 9th).

May 26

Italian Government announce blockade of Austro-Hungarian coast. British battle squadron concentrates at Malta prior to joining Italian fleet in Adriatic (see 27th).

May 27

British squadron joins Italian fleet in the Adriatic (see 26th).

H.M.S. "Majestic" sunk by submarine at the Dardanelles.

Mr. Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, Great Britain, resigns (appointed October 24th, 1911) (see 28th).

British minelayer "Princess Irene" destroyed by internal explosion in Sheerness harbour.

May 28

Mr. Arthur Balfour appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, Great Britain (see 27th, and December 11th, 1910).

Sir Henry Jackson appointed First Sea Lord, Great Britain (see 15th, and December 3rd, l916).

Dr. Joaquim T. Braga elected President of Portugal (see 29th, and October 5th).

May 29

Valona formally occupied by Italian forces (see December 26th, 1914).

Dr. Manoel Arriaga, Portuguese President, resigns (appointed August 24th, 1911) (see 28th).

May 30

Affair of Sphinxhaven (Lake Nyassa). British command of the lake secured.

May 31

Siege of Garua (Cameroons) begins (see April 18th and June 10th).

First German airship raid on London area (see January 19th 1915, October 19th, 1917, and August 5th, 1918).

Second action of Qurna (Mesopotamia).

June 2

Blockade of coast of Asia Minor announced by British Government.

June 3

Przemysl retaken by Austro-German forces (see March 22nd and May 24th).

Amara (Mesopotamia) captured by British forces.

First meeting in Paris of Allied Conference on Economic War (see February 5th, 1915, and June 14th, 1916).

Act passed in British Parliament empowering Customs to compel all exports to Holland to be consigned to the Netherlands Oversea Trust (see November 23rd, 1914, and December 7th, 1915).

San Marino declares war on Austria-Hungary.

June 4

Third Battle of Krithia (Dardanelles).

June 5

First Conference of British and French Ministers to co-ordinate war policy and strategy held at Calais.

June 7

German airship "L.Z.-37" destroyed in mid-air by Lieut. Warneford, R.N.A.S., near Ghent (first occasion of airship successfully attacked by aeroplane).

Russian and Chinese Governments conclude agreement respecting Mongolia (see May 25).

First meeting of Dardanelles Committee of the British Cabinet (see May 14th and October 30th). Under this title the War Council (see August 5th, 1914, and May 14th, 1915) exercised its functions during the critical period of the Dardanelles campaign.

Allied Commander-in-Chief in the Cameroons decides to abandon the advance on Yaunde (see 28th, and April 12th).

June 8

Stanislau recaptured by Austrian forces (see March 4th, 1915, and August 10th, 1916).

June 9

Monfalcone (Isouzo) taken by Italian forces.

June 10

Garua (Cameroons) capitulates to the Anglo-French force under General Cunliffe (see May 31st).

June 11

Battle of Przemysl ends (see 3rd, and May 24th).

Battle of the Stryj ends (see May 24th).

June 14

Turkish Attack on Perim (l4th/15th).

June 17

Third Battle of Lemberg begins (see 22nd).

June 18

Second Battle of Artois ends (see May 9th and September 25th).

June 19

South African forces begin advance on Otavifontein (see July 1st).

Dr. Jose de Castro succeeds Senhor J. P. Chagas as Portuguese Premier (see May 15th and November 29th).

June 22

Third Battle of Lemberg ends: city retaken by the Austrian forces (see 17th, and September 3rd, 1914, and November 23rd, 1918).

June 24

Mr. Lansing succeeds Mr. Bryan as United States Secretary of State.

June 26

San Giovanni di Medua (Albania) occupied by Montenegrin forces (see July 29th).

General Sukhomlinov, Russian Minister for War, removed from office (appointed in 1909) ; succeeded by General Polivanov (see March 29th, 1916).

June 27

British advance up the Euphrates begins (see July 25th).

June 28

Action of Gully Ravine (Dardanelles) begins (see July 2nd).

Operations of the first advance on Yaunde (Cameroons) end (see 7th).

Ngaundere (Cameroons) captured by the Allied Northern Force.

June 29

First Battle of the Isonzo begins (see July 7th).

July 1

Second Battle of Krasnik begins (see 19th).

Otavifontein (German South-West Africa) captured by South African forces (see June 19th).

July 2

Action of Gully Ravine ends (see June 28th).

Naval action in the Baltic between Russian and German squadrons off Gottland. German minelayer "Albatross" driven ashore.

Munitions of War Act, 1915, becomes law in Great Britain.

Ministry of Munitions formed in Great Britain.

July 4

Lahej (South Arabia) taken by Turkish forces (4th/5th).

Durazzo occupied by Serbian forces (see 17th, and October 4th, 1914).

July 7

First Battle of the Isonzo ends (see June 29th).

Italian cruiser "Amalfi" sunk by Austrian submarine in the Adriatic.

July 9

German South-West Africa capitulates to General Botha (see September 19th, 1914).

July 11

German light cruiser "Königsberg" destroyed in Rufiji River, German East Africa, by British monitors (see September 20th and October 31st, 1914).

British residency at Bushire (South Persia) attacked by Tangistani tribesmen (see August 8th).

July 13

Great Austro-German Offensive on Eastern front begins.

July 14

A Dominion Premier (Sir R. Borden, Canada) for the first time attends meeting of the British Cabinet (see April 14th).

Sherif of Mecca opens direct negotiations with British Government for co-operation against the Turks (see October 31st, 1914, and October 24th, 1915).

July 15

National Registration Act becomes law in Great Britain (see August 15th).

July 17

Durazzo evacuated by the Serbian forces at request of Italian Government (see 4th, and August 31st).

Treaty of alliance signed at Sofia between Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and Turkey. Albania to be ceded to Bulgaria in return for Bulgarian participation in war.

July 18

Second Battle of the Isonzo begins (see August 10th).

Italian cruiser "Giuseppe Garibaldi" sunk by Austrian submarine in the Adriatic.

July 19

Second Battle of Krasnik ends (see 1st).

July 21

Ivangorod (Poland) invested by Austro-German forces (see August 5th).

July 22

Bukoba, on Victoria Nyanza (German East Africa), captured by British forces (22nd/23rd).

July 24

Rozan and Pultusk (North Poland) stormed by German forces.

July 25

Nasiriya (Mesopotamia) taken by British forces (see June 27th).

British Government guarantee to Greece eventual cession of Mitylene by Turkey (see March 20th).

July 26

Pelagosa Island, in Adriatic, occupied by Italian forces.

July 29

Entente Governments warn Montenegro that they will not recognise her occupation of Albanian territory (see June 26th).

Establishment of the East Persia Cordon (Anglo-Russian) begins (see October 7th).

July 30

The Pope sends appeal for peace to belligerent Governments (see November 5th, 1914, and August 1st, 1917).

August 1

Constantinople harbour raided by British submarine.

August 3

Van (Armenia) evacuated by the Russian forces (see 5th, and May 19th).

August 5

Warsaw occupied by German forces (see July 13th).

Ivangorod taken by Austro-German forces (see July 21st).

Van occupied by Turkish forces (see 3rd).

August 6

Operations of the landing at Suvla (Dardanelles) begin (see 15th).

Battle of Sari Bair (Dardanelles) begins (see 9th and 10th).

Dr. Machado Guimarães elected Portuguese President (see October 5th, 1915, and December 11th, 1917).

Bulgarian Government negotiate fresh loan for 400,000,000 francs with Austro-German banks (see February 3rd).

Agreement concluded between Japan and China substituting Japanese authority for German in Tsingtau customs (see November 7th, 1914).

August 8

Bushire (South Persia) occupied by British forces (see July 12th and September 9th).

Turkish battleship "Barbarousse-Hairedine" sunk by British submarine "E.-11" in the Dardanelles.

German naval attack on Riga begins (see 21st).

August 9

Decisive day of Battle of Sari Bair (see 6th and 10th).

Viscount Kato, Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs, resigns (previously appointed April 16th, 1914) (see 10th).

August 10

Battle of Sari Bair ends (see 6th and 9th).

Second Battle of the Isonzo ends (see July 18th).

German airship "L.-12" extensively damaged by British aircraft off Ostend.

Marquis Okuma appointed Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs (ad interim) (see 9th, and September 21st).

August 12

First ship sunk by torpedo from British seaplane (Dardanelles).

August 13

H.M.T. "Royal Edward" sunk in the Ægean by German submarine. First transport so lost.

August 15

Operations of the landing at Suvla end (see 6th and 21st).

Entente Governments make conditional offer of territorial acquisitions to Serbia (see 30th, and May 7th).

National Register taken in Great Britain (see July 15th).

August 16

Lowca and Harrington, near Whitehaven (Cumberland), shelled by German submarine.

August 17

Kowno stormed by German forces (17th/18th).

Ain ed Douleh, Persian Prime Minister, resigns (see 18th, and April 27th).

August 18

Mustaufi ul Mamalek again appointed Persian Prime Minister (see 17th, and December 24th).

August 19

German battle cruiser "Moltke" torpedoed by British submarine "E.-1" in Gulf of Riga.

British submarine "E.-13" attacked by German warships while aground in Danish waters.

British S.S. "Arabic" sunk by German submarine.

H.M.S. "Baralong" (special service ship) destroys German submarine "U.-27."

August 20

Novo-Georgievsk (Poland) stormed by German forces.

August 21

Battle of Scimitar Hill (Suvla) (see 15th).

Italy declares war on Turkey.

First authenticated case of German submarine firing on a ship's crew in open boats (British S.S. "Ruel").

German naval attack on Riga discontinued (see 8th).

August 22

Osovets (North Poland) stormed by German forces.

M. Venizelos again appointed Premier of Greece in succession to M. Gounaris (see March 6th and 9th and October 5th).

August 25

Brest-Litovsk (Poland) taken by German forces (25th/26th).

August 26

Byelostok (Poland) taken by German forces.

August 30

British Foreign Minister (Sir E. Grey) informs M. Supilo that, provided Serbia agreed, the Allies could guarantee the eventual freedom and self-determination of Bosnia, Herzegovina, South Dalmatia, Slavonia, and Croatia (see 15th, and May 7th).

August 31

Durazzo reoccupied by Serbian forces (see July 17th and December 6th).

September 1

German Government inform United States Government that United States demands for limitation of submarine activity are accepted.

Ruad Island, off Syrian coast, occupied by French forces.

September 3

Grodno captured by German forces (2nd/3rd).

September 5

The Tsar supersedes the Grand Duke Nicholas in supreme command of the Russian Armies with General Alexeiev as Chief of Staff (see 8th, August 3rd, 1914, and March 15th and June 4th, 1917). Though nominally Chief of Staff, General Alexeiev was virtually Commander-in-Chief and performed the duties of that office till the Tsar's abdication on March 15th, 1917, and continued as Commander-in-Chief thereafter without further appointment.

Action of Hafiz Kor (North-West Frontier of India).

September 7

Russian counter-offensive in Galicia. Battle of Tarnopol begins (see 16th).

September 8

The Grand Duke Nicholas appointed Viceroy of the Caucasus (see 5th).

Second Allied Attack on Mora (Cameroons) (8th/9th).

September 9

Battle of Dvinsk begins (see November 1st).

Battle of Vilna begins (see October 2nd).

Bushire (South Persia) again attacked by tribesmen (see August 8th).

Turco-Bulgarian Frontier Convention signed at Dimotika.

United States Government request recall of Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Dr. Dumba (appointed to United States, March 1913) (see 28th).

September 16

Pinsk taken by German forces.

Battle of Tarnopol ends (see 7th).

September 18

Yilna taken by German forces (see 9th).

September 21

Bulgarian Government order partial mobilisation (see 22nd).

Greek Premier (M. Venizelos) asks for guarantee of 150,000 British and French troops as condition for Greek intervention (see 24th, and March 5th).

Viscount Ishii succeeds Marquis Okuma as Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs (see August 10th, 1915, and October 9th, 1910).

September 22

"Dede Agatch Agreement" concluded between Turkey and Bulgaria rectifying Turkish frontier in favour of Bulgaria.

Bulgarian Government order general mobilisation for 25th.

Second Advance on Yaunde (Cameroons) begins (see January 1st, 1916).

September 23

Greek Government order precautionary mobilisation.

September 24

French and British Governments inform Greek Government that they are prepared to send troops requested (see 21st, 27th, and 28th).

September 25

Allied Autumn Offensive begins:—

Battle of Loos begins (see October 8th).

Third Battle of Artois begins (see June 18th and October 15th).

Second Battle of Champagne begins (see March 17th and November 6th).

General Sir J. Wolfe Murray, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Great Britain, resigns (see 26th, and October 26th, 1914).

Bulgarian mobilisation begins (see 22nd).

Serbian Government give undertaking to Greek Government to cede Doiran and Gevgeli eventually to Greece, and not to claim Strumitsa.

September 26

Lieut-General Sir A. J. Murray appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Great Britain (see 25th, and January 24th and December 22nd).

September 27

Greek Premier (M. Venizelos) obtains secret consent of King Constantine to proposed Entente expedition to Salonika (see 24th and 28th).

Italian battleship "Benedetto Brin" destroyed by internal explosion in harbour at Brindisi.

September 28

Battle of Kut, 1915 (Mesopotamia).

Dr. Dumba, Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, recalled from United States of America (see 9th).

Greek Government formally refuse French and British "offer" of the 24th (see 27th, and October 2nd).

British and Russian Governments agree to request of Persian Government for a monthly subvention.

September 30

Lord Derby assumes control of recruiting in Great Britain (see December 11th, 1916).

October 1

Approximate beginning of period in which the Germans obtained mastery in the air on the Western front (due to the Fokker machine) (see April 1st, 1916).

October 2

Battle of Vilna ends (see September 9th).

Greek Premier (M. Venizelos) asks British and French Governments to land troops at Salonika as soon as possible (see 3rd and 5th, and September 28th).

October 3

Allied troops arrive at Salonika: Greek Government protest against a landing (see 2nd, 5th and 6th).

First German merchant vessel (S.S. "Livonia") sunk by British submarine in the Baltic.

October 4

Entente Powers send ultimatum to Bulgaria (see 5th and 13th).

October 5

French and British forces land at Salonika (see 3rd).

King of Greece refuses to support policy of Premier (M. Venizelos) (see 2nd, and September 27th).

M. Venizelos again resigns (see 6th, and August 22nd, 1915, and June 26th, 1917).

Russia severs diplomatic relations with Bulgaria (see 4th and 19th).

Dr. Machado Guimarães succeeds Dr. J. Braga as Portuguese President (see May 28th, and August 6th, 1915, and December 11th, 1917).

October 6

Final Austro-German invasion of Serbia begins (see December 15th, 1914).

M. Zaimis appointed Greek Premier (see 5th, and November 5th).

King of Greece gives assurance to British Minister that Greece will maintain neutrality, but Greek mobilisation (see September 23rd) and Allied disembarkation at Salonika will proceed (see 3rd, 5th and 8th).

October 7

Austro-German forces effect passage of the Save and Danube (see 6th).

Birjand (East Persia) occupied by British forces (see July 29th).

October 8

Battle of Loos ends (see September 25th).

New Greek Government (see 6th) announce policy of armed neutrality.

October 9

Belgrade taken by Austrian forces (see December 15th, 1914, and November 1st, 1918).

Second Affair of Hafiz Kor (North-West Frontier of India).

October 10

Greek Government reject Serbian claim for help under Serbo-Greek Treaty of 1912.

October 11

Hostilities commence between Bulgarian and Serbian forces (see 14th).

Semendria (Serbia) taken by Austrian forces (see 6th).

October 12

Miss Edith Cavell shot in Brussels by order of a German court-martial.

October 13

Most severe airship raid on East Coast of England and London; casualties 200 (see January 19th and May 31st, 1915, October 19th, 1917, and August 5th, 1918).

Great Britain severs diplomatic relations with Bulgaria (see 4th and 15th).

Hostilities commence between French and Bulgarian forces in Macedonia.

M. Delcassé French Foreign Minister, resigns; M. Viviani succeeds temporarily (see 29th and 30th).

October 14

Bulgaria and Serbia declare war on one another (see 4th and 11th) .

October 15

Third Battle of Artois ends (see September 25th).

Great Britain declares "state of war" with Bulgaria (see 13th).

Montenegro declares "state of war" with Bulgaria.

Rumanian Government refuse to aid Serbia (see January 25th).

Vranje (Serbia) taken by Bulgarian forces (see October 5th, 1918).

General Sir Charles Monro appointed to succeed Sir Ian Hamilton as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (see 17th and 28th, and March 17th).

October 16

France declares "state of war" with Bulgaria (see 4th and 15th).

British Government offer Cyprus to Greece if she will support Serbia (see 20th, and January 24th).

Entente Governments proclaim blockade of Ægean coast of Bulgaria.

October 17

General Sir William Birdwood takes over temporary command of Mediterranean Expeditionary Force from Sir Ian Hamilton (see 15th and 28th).

October 18

Third Battle of the Isonzo begins (see November 3rd).

October 19

Ishtip (Serbia) taken by Bulgarian forces (see September 25th, 1918).

Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria (see 4th and 5th).

Japan declares adherence to the Pact of London (see September 5th, 1914, and November 30th, 1915).

October 20

Greek Government reject British offer of Cyprus (see 16th).

October 21

Dede Agatch (Bulgaria) bombarded by Allied squadron.

Veles taken by Bulgarian forces (see Septemer 25th, 1918).

October 22

Kumanovo and Üsküb (Skoplje) taken by Bulgarian forces.

Shabatz taken by Austrian forces.

October 23

German cruiser "Prinz Adalbert" sunk by British submarine "E.-8" in the Baltic.

October 24

Negotin, on River Vardar, taken by Bulgarian forces.

First Action of Krivolak (Macedonia).

British Government in letter to Sherif of Mecca define territorial limits of proposed Arab State (see July 14th, 1915, and June 5th, 1916).

October 28

H.M.S. "Argyll" wrecked on east coast of Scotland.

Lieut.-General Sir Bryan Mahon appointed General Officer Commanding British Forces, Balkans (see May 9th, 1916).

General Sir Charles Monro assumes command of Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (see 15th, 17th, and November 4th).

October 29

M. Viviani, French Premier and Foreign Minister, resigns (date of appointment as Premier June 14th, 1914) (see 13th and 30th).

M. Millerand, French Minister for War, resigns (see 30th, and August 27th, 1914).

October 30

Third Allied attack on Mora (Cameroons) begins (see November 4th).

Second Action of Krivolak (Macedonia).

M. Briand succeeds M. Viviani as French Premier and Foreign Minister (see 29th, and March 17th, 1917).

General Galliéni appointed French Minister for War (see 29th, and March 16th, 1916).

Last meeting of Dardanelles Committee of the British Cabinet (see June 7th and November 3rd).

November 1

Kragujevatz (North Serbia) taken by Austro-German forces (30th/1st).

Battle of Dvinsk ends (see September 9th).

November 2

British Premier (Mr. Asquith) declares Serbian independence to be an essential object of the war.

Kasvin (West Persia) occupied by a Russian force.

November 3

Third Battle of the Isonzo ends (see October 18th).

Serbian Government leave Nish (see 23rd, and July 25th, 1914).

First meeting of newly-constituted War Committee of British Cabinet to replace the Dardanelles Committee (see October 30th, 1915, and December 1st, 1916).

Port and Transit Executive Committee formed in Great Britain (see 10th).

November 4

Third Allied attack on Mora abandoned (see October 30th).

Banyo (Caineroons) attacked by General Cunliffe's Allied force (see 6th).

Lord Kitchener leaves England for the Dardanelles (see 10th).

General Sir Charles Monro appointed to command Salonika Force.

Sir William Birdwood to command Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (see 25th, and October 15th, 17th, and 28th).

November 5

Nish taken by Bulgarian forces (see 3rd, and October 11th, 1918).

Battle of Kachanik (Serbia) begins (see 8th).

M. Zaimis, Greek Prime Minister, resigns (see 6th, and October 6th).

German airship "L.Z.-39" destroyed near Grodno.

November 6

Second Battle of Champagne ends (see September 25th).

Sollum (Western Egypt) attacked by German submarine (see 14th). Egyptian coastguard cruiser "Abbas" sunk and "Nur el Bahr" disabled.

Banyo captured by Allied force (see 4th).

M. Skouloudhis appointed Greek Premier (see 5th, and June 21st, 1916).

November 7

German cruiser "Undine" sunk by British submarine "E.-19."

Italian S.S. "Ancona" sunk by Austrian submarine.

November 8

Battle of Kachanik ends (see 5th).

Entente loan (£1,600,000) to Greece concluded (see July 20th, 1916).

November 10

Fourth Battle of the Isonzo begins (see December 10th).

Indian Corps begins to leave France for Mesopotamia (see October 19th, 1914).

Lord Kitchener arrives at the Dardanelles (see 4th).

Ship Licensing Committee formed in Great Britain: Order in Council prohibits voyages between foreign ports except under licence (see February 15th, 1916).

Requisitioning (Carriage of Foodstuffs) Committee formed in Great Britain: Order in Council authorises requisition of ships for carriage of foodstuffs (see November 3rd, 1917).

November 11

First British advance on Baghdad begins (see 22nd).

November 14

Senussi commence hostilities against British by attacking Egyptian post at Sollum (see 6th and 23rd).

November 15

Representatives of Central Powers leave Teheran (Persia) on approach of Russian forces.

November 16

Babuna Pass and Prilep (South Serbia) taken by Bulgarian forces (see September 23rd, 1918).

November 17

Anglo-French Conference held in Paris to discuss aid to Serbia and Dardanelles expeditions. Project approved in principle to appoint Council of War to co-ordinate Allied action (see December 29th).

British hospital ship "Anglia" sunk by mine off Dover.

November 20

Novi Bazar taken by Austrian forces (see October 14th, 1918).

November 22

Battle of Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia) begins (see 25th).

General Sir H. Smith-Dorrien appointed Commander-in-Chief of British forces in East Africa (see January 31st, 1916). Did not take over command owing to illness.

November 23

Rovereto (Trentino) taken by Italian forces.

Mitrovitza and Pristina (Serbia) taken by Austro German forces (see October 10th, 1918).

Serbian Government leave Prizren for Scutari (Shkodra) (see 3rd, and December 3rd).

British military operations against the Senussi commence (see December 13th, 1915, and February 8th, 1917): Sollum post evacuated (see 14th).

Entente Powers send Note to Greek Government demanding non-interference with Allied troops, and guaranteeing eventual restoration of occupied Greek territory (see 24th, and October 3rd).

British Government conclude preliminary agreement with the Netherlands Overseas Trust for rationing of Holland (see June 3rd, 1915, and June 30th, 1916).

November 24

Greek Government accept Entente demands of the 23rd.

Field-Marshal von der Goltz (see December 10th, 1914, and April 19th, 1916) takes command of Turkish forces in Mesopotamia.

Danish merchants and manufacturers conclude agreement with the British Government to restrict supplies to Germany.

November 25

British retreat from Ctesiphon to Kut al Amara begins (see 22nd, and December 3rd).

M. Albert Thomas announces arrangements completed for inter-Allied organisation of munitions.

General Sir Charles Monro appointed Commander-in-Chief reconstituted Mediterranean Expeditionary Force with Sir William Birdwood General Officer Commanding Dardanelles Army (see 4th, and January 9th, 1916).

November 29

Dr. A. Augusto da Costa succeeds Dr. J. de Castro as Portuguese Premier (see June 19th, 1915, and March 15th, 1916).

November 30

Serbian retreat through Albania begins (see January 15th, 1916).

Formal signature of the Pact of London by Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and Italy (see September 5th, 1914; April 26th, 1915; and October 19th, 1915).

December 1

Prizren (Serbia) taken by Bulgarian forces (see October 11th, 1918).

Italy announces her adherence to the Pact of London (see November 30th).

December 2

Monastir (Serbia) taken by Bulgarian forces (see November 19th, 1916).

French retreat from Serbia to Salonika begins: Krivolak evacuated.

December 3

British forces, retreating from Ctesiphon, reach Kut (see 7th, and November 25th).

General Joffre, Chief of French General Staff from July 28th, 1911, appointed Commander-in-Chief French Armies. Appointment of Chief of General Staff lapses (see April 29th, 1917).

Serbian Government and military headquarters set up at Scutari (Shkodra) (see November 23rd, 1915, and January 15th, 1916).

December 4

United States Government request recall of German attachés Captains Boy-Ed and Von Papen (see 10th).

December 5

Action of Demir Kapu (5th/6th) in French retreat from Serbia.

Kut placed in state of defence (see 3rd and 7th).

December 6

Durazzo bombarded by Austrian squadron (see 20th, and August 31st).

Ipek (Montenegro) taken by Austro-German forces (see October 14th, 1918).

British Government put economic pressure on Greece by making the "export restrictions" apply to that country (see 13th).

December 7

Siege of Kut begins (see 3rd, and January 4th and April 29th, 1916).

Actions of Kosturino (7th/8th). British retreat from Macedonia begins.

Agreement concluded between French Government and Netherlands Oversea Trust (see November 23rd, 1914, and November 23rd, 1915).

December 8

Evacuation of Suvla and Anzac ordered (see 19th and 20th).

Debra and Okhrida (Serbia) taken by Bulgarian forces.

December 9

General Castelnau appointed Chief of Staff to General Joffre (see 3rd).

General Sarrail demands withdrawal of Greek troops from Salonika (see 11th).

December 10

Fourth Battle of the Isonzo ends (see November 10th).

German Government recall from United States attachés Von Papen and Boy-Ed (see 4th, and January 15th, 1916).

December 11

Doiran and Gevgeli (South Serbia) taken by Bulgarian forces (see September 22nd, 1918).

Greek Government refuse Entente demand for withdrawal of Greek troops from Salonika (see 9th).

Yuan-Shih-Kai accepts throne of China (see March 22nd, 1916, and June 6th, 1916).

December 13

Affair of the Wadi Senab (11th/13th) (see November 23rd, 1915, and February 26th, 1916).

British Government order partial relaxation of economic pressure on Greece (see 6th).

December 14

Hamadan (Western Persia) occupied by Russian forces (see August 10th, 1916).

Bulgarian and Greek General Staffs conclude agreement establishing temporary neutral zone along Greek frontier.

December 15

The last Allied forces in Macedonia withdrawn into Greek territory (see 7th, and September 19th, 1916).

Qasr-i-Shirin (Western Persia) occupied by Turkish forces (see May 7th, 1916).

Field-Marshal Sir John French resigns as Commander-in-Chief of British armies in France (see 19th, and August 4th, 1914, and May 5th, 1918).

December 17

German light cruiser "Bremen" sunk by British submarine in the Baltic.

December 19

Evacuation of Suvla and Anzac begun (see 8th and 20th).

General Sir Douglas Haig succeeds Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armies in France (see 15th, and January 1st, 1917).

Bulgarian and Greek General Staffs conclude agreement establishing temporary neutral zone along Greek frontier.

December 20

Evacuation of Suvla and Anzac completed (see 8th, 19th and 28th).

Durazzo occupied by Italian forces (see 6th, and February 27th, 1916).

December 22

LieutGeneral Sir W. Robertson resigns as Chief of the General Staff, British Expeditionary Force, France (see 23rd, and January 25th), and is succeeded by Lieut.-General L. E. Kiggell (see January 27th, 1918).

Lieut.-General Sir A. J. Murray, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, resigns (see 23rd, and September 26th, 1915, and March 19th, 1916).

December 23

British naval operations on Lake Tanganyika begin (see 26th).

General Sir W. Robertson appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff (see 22nd, and February 18th, 1918).

"Trading with the Enemy (Extension of Powers) Act, 1915" (beginning of "Black List" policy), comes into force in Great Britain (see January 26th and July 28th, 1916).

December 24

Mustaufi ul Mamalek (Persian Prime Minister) resigns (see 25th, and August 18th).

December 25

Turkish Christmas Eve Attack on Kut (24th/25th).

Affair of the Wadi Majid (Western Egypt).

Kangavar (Western Persia) occupied by a Russian force. Prince Firman Firma appointed Prime Minister of Persia (see 24th, and March 5th, 1916).

December 26

German raider "Moewe" sails from Bremen on first cruise (see February 1st, 1916).

Naval action on Lake Tanganyika: German gunboat "Kingani" captured by H.M.S. "Mimi" and "Toutou" (see 23rd, and February 9th, 1916).

Treaty concluded between British Government and Ibu Sa'ud, Emir of Nejd (see July 18th, 1916).

December 28

Evacuation of remainder of Gallipoli Peninsula ordered (see 20th, and January 8th, 1916).

December 29

Durazzo raided by Austrian naval light forces: latter brought to action in Southern Adriatic.

Draft rules approved for Inter-Allied Council of War (see November 17th).

December 30

Consuls of Central Powers at Salonika arrested and deported by order of General Sarrail, Commanding French troops.

H.M.S. "Natal" destroyed by internal explosion in Cromarty harbour.

December 31

Last units of Indian Expeditionary Force "G" leave the Dardanelles to amalgamate with Indian Expeditionary Force "E" in Egypt (see April 7th).